[101], Some marauding units became organized criminal gangs after the war. In 1861 most Democrats supported the war. Painting by J.W. Abraham Lincoln used it on multiple occasions. By the 1850s the question of the extension of slavery into the western territories was the central issue uniting the North and bringing it into conflict with the South.On the eve of the American Civil War (1861), there were 19 free and 15 slave states, the boundary between them following the Mason and Dixon Line, the Ohio River, and latitude 36°30′ (except for Missouri). It is sometimes said today that Lee was the equivalent of Erwin Rommel in a Confederacy that was the equivalent of the Third Reich . For example, Mary Livermore (1820–1905), the manager of the Chicago branch of the US Sanitary Commission, used her newfound organizational skills to mobilize support for women's suffrage after the war. In 1861–63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to Confederate prison camps. In 1862, the United States Supreme Court used the terms "the present civil war between the United States and the so called Confederate States," as well as "the civil war such as that now waged between the Northern and Southern States". America was called the Union during the Civil War. The Union used hundreds of thousands of animals. The civil war was fought between the Union states (Northern states) and the states of the Confederacy (Southern states). The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free. [59] Peacetime revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full-scale war but the Treasury Department under Secretary Salmon P. Chase showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy. Racial discrimination was prevalent even in the North, and discriminatory practices permeated the U.S. military. . They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio. [42] For example, its agents distributed Bibles, delivered sermons, helped with sending letters home, taught men to read and write, and set up camp libraries. Apart from taxes, the second major source of income was government bonds. In some cases, they too turned to illegal gang activity. [50][51], Discontent with the 1863 draft law led to riots in several cities and in rural areas as well. [46], Additionally, women gained new public roles. [62] The typical common soldier from both North and South was white, a native-born farmer, Protestant, single, and falling in the range between 18 and 29 years old. This informative book makes extensive use of journals, newspapers, and diaries to bring together the experience of the soldier, civilian, and slave in one volume. By the end of 1861, 700,000 soldiers were drilling in Union camps. This began an extended period of military control that would last through early 1865, beginning with martial law authorized by President Abraham Lincoln. Curtin went on to fund the creation of a special cemetery for the civil war dead, and also to recover and rebury the remains on the battlefield. The Union responded by building army hospitals in every state. The problem with volunteering, however, was its serious lack of planning, leadership, and organization at the highest levels. The South had slavery, the argument went, but the North was racist too. Students of all age groups know at least something about this war. Men who had been Democrats before the war often abstained or voted Republican. [52] Irish Catholic and other workers fought police, militia and regular army units until the Army used artillery to sweep the streets. Its officers could, however, join the temporary new volunteer army that was formed, with expectations that their experience would lead to rapid promotions. Brodrecht, Grant R. "Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War and Reconstruction." accurate" as "the term 'Union' always referred to all the states together. "[1], Unlike the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area (the Northeast), and more advanced commercial, transportation and financial systems than the rural South. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union (The United States of America) is sometimes referred to as "the North", both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was "the South". For other supporters, the Confederate flag represents only a past era of Southern sovereignty. What were the South's two main crops. It would not last throughout the protracted war to come—or even through the year—but in that moment of unity was laid bare the common Northern nationalism usually hidden by the fierce battles more typical of the political arena."[11]. The Civil War uniform for both Northern troops and Southern troops was one of the most basic and important things a solider could have. The Union economy grew and prospered during the war while fielding a very large army and navy. The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War—over $400 million just in 1862 alone. [48] The pioneer was John Shaw Billings (1838–1913). The Union Army in the Civil War had a distinct advantage over the Confederacy when it came to equipment. The Civil War - The Midwest and the Civil War. The South's two main crops were tobacco and cotton. It brought unparalleled destruction to many people. When the Civil War ended in 1865, America entered a period called Reconstruction. [6], Confederates generally saw the Union as being opposed to slavery, occasionally referring to them as abolitionists, as in reference to the U.S. Navy as the "Abolition fleet" and the U.S. Army as the "Abolition forces". By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property, so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper. The Anaconda Plan was the initial Civil War strategy devised by General Winfield Scott of the U.S. Army to put down the rebellion by the Confederacy in 1861. [23][24], The Democrats nominated George McClellan, a War Democrat for the 1864 presidential election but gave him an anti-war platform. [53], Small-scale riots broke out in ethnic German and Irish districts, and in areas along the Ohio River with many Copperheads. The men could elect the junior officers, while the governor appointed the senior officers, and Lincoln appointed the generals. By far the most important were the New York City draft riots of July 13 to July 16, 1863. Why is due process in the 5th and 14th Amendment? Historian, Allan Nevins, says: The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land. Working closely with state and local politicians, he rallied public opinion and (at Gettysburg) articulated a national mission that has defined America ever since. The South side of the American Civil War became its own nation, called the Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy for short, while the North remained the United States of America and was called the Union. Following the unexpected carnage at the battle of Shiloh in April 1862, Ohio sent three steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals equipped with doctors, nurses, and medical supplies. Complete with over a dozen detailed maps, €A Chart History of the Civil War, 1861-1865 features information on the direct causes of the Civil War, the participation of slaves in battles, the organisation of armies and General Robert E. ... The real reason for the Civil War, based on economics and taxes was quickly losing its luster, and a new cause was needed to rally the Northern troops. The "Your Turn!" activity will continue to challenge students as they extend their learning. This text aligns to state standards as well as McREL, WIDA/TESOL, and the NCSS/C3 Framework. Though the Democrats gained control of the legislature, they were unable to impede the war effort. Many thousands of volunteers worked in the hospitals and rest homes, most famously poet Walt Whitman. The North had more factories to produce supplies, more people to work in the factories, and more railroads to deliver the supplies to the Soldiers. They warned that the abolition of slavery would bring a flood of freed blacks into the labor market of the North. Veteran Army commanders such as Philip H. Sheridan, John M. Schofield, Daniel E. Sickles, Edward R. S. Canby, and Winfield S. Hancock may have found the work of Reconstruction less dangerous than fighting the Civil War had been, but they ... "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War,", Giesberg, Judith. The Union Army was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular U.S. Army. Shannon Smith Bennett, "Draft Resistance and Rioting." On short notice, the army forced almost 20,000 people, mostly women, children and the elderly, to leave their homes. These orphan schools were created to provide housing, care, and education for orphans of Civil War soldiers. Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies. The northern states fought to prevent secession. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit. [45] In the long run, the wartime experiences of the numerous Union commissions modernized public welfare, and set the stage for large—scale community philanthropy in America based on fund raising campaigns and private donations. Pennsylvania, for example, had acute problems. Schmidt, 1961. Gradually, throughout the beginning of the nineteenth century, the North and South followed different paths, developing into two distinct and very different regions. "Lincoln and the Patronage,", Paludan, Phillip S. "The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order,", Cotterill, R. S. "The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861–1865,", Hammond, Bray. Civil War Timeline. The war acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse-drawn machinery and other implements. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. [94], People loyal to the U.S. federal government and opposed to secession living in the border states (where slavery was legal in 1861) were termed Unionists. West Virginia set up its system in 1863. West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. The screw-sloop CSS Alabama was the most famous Confederate raider of the war, capturing or sinking over 60 prize. [49], Both sides operated prison camps; they handled about 400,000 captives, but many other prisoners were quickly released and never sent to camps. Regarding this, what were the sides called in the Civil War? Even so, it is difficult to imagine a civil war that does not affect all portions of the society in which it takes place, and the Civil War affected the North and its civilians in many ways. Racial prejudice Honor for their valor partisan Republican effort two major issues of the US government for from... 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