Conflicts between the White House and the State . Namely Finland, the Baltic states, Eastern Poland and northeastern Romania (modern Moldova) known as Bessarabia. 32 “Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping,” Central Intelligence Agency. General Provisions. It then fleshes out Russian for-eign and security policy interests, goals, and approaches. Information operations, propaganda and disinformation, cyber operations, trade embargoes, and a vast array of other tools have been integrated into what has become commonly known as hybrid warfare. Core components of the current Russian toolkit have withstood the test of time, and there is every indication that Moscow will continue to rely on them, even in a post-Putin era. Russia’s principal foreign policy priorities, based on its actions in Ukraine and Syria, are checking any advance of NATO in Eastern Europe and confirming Russia’s status as a great power beyond the post-Soviet space.Â. For a complete understanding of Russian foreign policy today, individuals, ideas, and institutions—President Vladimir Putin, Putinism, and autocracy—must be added to the analysis. In the words of historian Stephen Kotkin, “Whatever the original causes behind early Russian expansionism—much of which was unplanned—many in the country’s political class came to believe over time that only further expansion could secure the earlier acquisitions. Russia's view of the modern world, as well as its goals and objectives are reflected in the Foreign Policy Concept adopted in 2016. Forging an alliance with Beijing, in which Moscow would be the junior partner, is not. Even integrating Ukraine’s Donbass region controlled by anti-Maidan separatists would be a major problem for Russia, economically and legally. On the one hand—from Peter the Great’s founding of the new Russian capital on the Baltic shores to Catherine the Great’s engagement with leading European Enlightenment thinkers of the day, Czar Alexander I’s securing Russia’s place in the circle of major European powers to Joseph Stalin’s consolidation of the Soviet Union’s hold on Eastern Europe—Russia long has been an integral part of Europe and its political and security fabric. The Russian Federation's defense industry provides the authoritarian regime with military power that is used for maintaining its domestic and foreign legitimacy. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. There also appears to be a mutual desire to ease tit-for-tat diplomatic restrictions, with Biden reportedly planning to suggest the U.S. and Russian ambassadors . Despite the glaring similarities of Russia's international conduct with expectations of pragmatism and expansionism, this study argues that Moscow's foreign policy has been informed by more nuanced and dynamic conceptions of international relations. Contemporary Russian foreign policy displays the unmistakable presence of three centuries-old drivers of Moscow’s posture on the world stage. Â. Moscow’s relations with India, Brazil, and South Africa, cordial as they are, have not expanded much, due mainly to Russia’s economic weakness. 7 “Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации 1992 года” [Russia’s 1993 Foreign Policy Concept], Center for Security and Development Studies, http://fmp.msu.ru/center-for-security-and-development-studies/anthology/document-inventory/countries/item/1619-kontseptsiya-vneshnej-politiki-rossijskoj-federatsii-1992-goda. And the Russian national interest remains a good way to decipher Russian actions. This book looks at Russia's key relationships -- its downward spiral with the United States, Europe, and NATO; its ties to China, Japan, the Middle East; and with its neighbors, particularly the fraught relationship with Ukraine. 24 “The Soviet Bloc Armed Forces and the Cuban Crisis,” National Indications Center, June 18, 1963, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001161985.pdf (declassified, redacted version approved for release in November 2004); and David Easter, “Active Soviet Military Support for Indonesia During the 1962 West New Guinea Crisis,” Cold War History 15, no. These hopes have also been disappointed. First, Russia seeks a sphere of influence, at minimum, within the borders of the post-Soviet space. Reagan and his advisers focused in particular on El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Cuba. FOREIGN POLICY CONCEPT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. Russian security has thus traditionally been partly predicated on moving outward, in the name of preempting external attack.”3. Winston Churchill was right about Russia during World War II when national survival was at stake. George Kennan wrote in “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”: . (Declassified, redacted version approved for release on December 9, 2011.). . . Moscow used these entities for a wide range of activities that included providing cover for outright KGB intelligence gathering and enlisting friendly and often unsuspecting agents of influence in support of Soviet-championed causes.16. and “undesirable” labels, threatening the existence of the free press day by day. Russia is generally considered one of the great powers in the world, and is as such of key importance to European security. Putin issued a presidential order in 2012 reconstituting the Russian Military-Historical Society.9 Long-serving Russian Culture Minister Vladimir Medinsky has been an active patron of the society as well. The US military's symbolic withdrawal from Bagram Air Base, the largest in Afghanistan, shows how committed it is to abiding by President Joe Biden's pledge to leave the country by September 11 th. Experts leave their bids under the posted order, waiting for Russian Foreign Policy In The East (Classic Reprint) Milivoy S a client to settle on which writer, among those who left their bids, they want to choose. Found insideExplaining the economic policies that underwrote Putin's two-decades-long rule, Miller shows how, at every juncture, Putinomics has served Putin's needs by guaranteeing economic stability and supporting his accumulation of power. This narrative is reinforced by a sprawling state propaganda apparatus, official government activities, and educational curricula. Since February 2014, President Vladimir Putin has been acting as a wartime leader. 12 George F. Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, July 1947, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1947-07-01/sources-soviet-conduct. Advertisement. Moscow’s immediate foreign policy goal is to withstand the pressure imposed on it by Washington and its allies. As Gazprom, Rosneft, ZTE and Huawei have grown more essential to their respective governments, business and state interests . Such recognition, in turn, has been needed to lend a veneer of legitimacy to territorial conquests. Washington supported these coups to varying degrees, thus feeding a narrative of resistance to U.S. imperialism in Latin America. However, that conclusion would be mistaken. Meanwhile, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declared independence. There is no trace of any feeling in Soviet psychology that that goal must be reached at any given time.12. Blackwill examines in detail Trump's actions in a turbulent world in important policy areas, including the United States' relationships with its allies, its relationships with China and Russia, and its policies on the Middle East and ... Through direct engagement and Cuban proxies, Moscow delivered multifaceted assistance to the leftist Sandinista government that came to power after the previous government led by Anastasio Somoza Debayle was overthrown in 1979. Found insideIn this groundbreaking book, renowned scholar Bobo Lo analyzes the broader context of the crisis by examining the interplay between Russian foreign policy and an increasingly anarchic international environment. I. In addition to its determination and the considerable resources at its disposal, the Kremlin’s foreign policy record has benefited from opportunities presented by the West’s actions or inaction. . The current activist Russian posture in many far-flung corners of the world goes beyond the two previously articulated key elements of its foreign policy: its claim to a sphere of privileged interests around its immediate periphery, which was staked out in the wake of the 2008 war with Georgia, and its refusal to accept the post–Cold War security order in Europe, decisively affirmed with the 2014 annexation of Crimea. Elsewhere, long-term conflicts, such as those in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya, or the unfinished business of post-conflict reconstruction, such as in the Balkans, have presented Russia with opportunities to insert itself and create new facts on the ground. The Kremlin’s approach has involved the relatively low-cost, limited use of military force in combination with other nonmilitary instruments of national power. This vision has guided Russian foreign policy ever since. It also allows each country to concentrate on its comparative . *Islamic State is a terrorist organization banned in Russia. Russia’s intervention in Syria has brought Moscow into a situational alliance with Iran, and has led to close and not always friendly interaction with Turkey.Â. Instead, it became a vehicle for spreading Soviet influence abroad through a network of agents and front organizations, financial assistance, engagement with and infiltration of foreign Communist parties, and intelligence collection. Russian foreign policy is an organic phenomenon, requiring constant attention and frequent modifications. He held office from 2000 to 2008, and assumed power again in 2012. (This statement was submitted to all Communist parties by the Executive Committee in May 1943.). 4 (Fall 2008): https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.4.5. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. This narrative, in turn, created a favorable contrast for Soviet policy toward the region, support for Cuba’s revolutionary government, and anti-imperialist rhetoric. As an extension of that shift and a step toward strengthening the anti-German alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States, the Comintern was dissolved in 1943 with its final appeal endorsing the anti-Hitler coalition and the liberation war against “fascism and its allies and vassals.”15. Even before the start of World War II in 1939, Stalin's principle foreign policy objectives were clear, he pursued consistently a geopolitical policy, which sought to quench his relentless desire for security by expanding the Soviet borders outwards, making Russia the dominant power on the Eurasian landmass with buffer states to her West. These conditions, of . In 1991, the Soviet Union, with its economy and its political system collapsed, dissolved peacefully, retreating from Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, Moldova, the South Caucasus, and Central Asia. The result is arguably the best introductory treatment of Russian foreign policy available in English.-- Roger E. Kanet, University of Miami Found insideRussia employs a sophisticated social media campaign against former Soviet states that includes news tweets, nonattributed comments on web pages, troll and bot social media accounts, and fake hashtag and Twitter campaigns. Previously, the United States was focused heavily on the Islamic world and, more important, tended to regard the use of force as an early option in the execution of U.S. policy rather than as a last resort. Specially dedicated trains reached distant rural audiences with content manipulated specifically to strike an emotional chord, transcend great distances, and bridge ideological differences between Moscow and far-flung provinces. I. Still, even if convinced that Mr. Trump is not being blackmailed, analysts are still puzzled over why his actions so closely coincided with Russia's foreign policy goals. While Russian foreign policy goals have been relatively consistent over the last 25 years, Russian actions have become far more anti-Western and aggressive in the last decade. This book surveys Russia's relations with the world since 1992 and assesses the future prospect for the foreign policy of Europe's largest country. Targeted assassinations of émigrés and political opponents, which have figured prominently in the Kremlin’s various campaigns against its enemies, have deep roots in Soviet history.26 One of the earliest known Soviet intelligence operations directed against an émigré political opponent was purportedly undertaken by the KGB’s predecessor, the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU), against Boris Savinkov, the leader of an anti-Soviet organization of Russian exiles in France.27 In 1924, he was lured back to Russia, arrested, convicted in a show trial, and probably killed by prison guards. Over the next few years, then, the chances of substantive change in Russian foreign policy are minimal. Here caution, circumspection, flexibility and deception are the valuable qualities . Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. To understand where Russia is headed under Vladimir Putin, one must understand where the country has been. So far, the Kremlin has been holding firm, giving no ground to its opponents. ST. PETERSBURG, Russia — In its foreign policy, Russia tends to favor the hard power of military might and oil and gas exports. The main thing is that there should always be pressure, unceasing constant pressure, toward the desired goal. On the contrary, Russia’s operation in Syria, which began in the fall of 2015, poses a fresh challenge to the U.S.-dominated order. US: Biden's Main Foreign Policy Goals: China, Middle East, Russia. The third driver, related to the first two, is Russia’s complicated relationship with the West, which combines rivalry with the need for cooperation. Back then fending off military menaces came before all else. Continuity with the Soviet era and even earlier periods of Russian history is a hallmark of the Kremlin's current foreign policy and the toolkit it relies on to advance its goals. As a whole, this legacy provides both the justification and the motivation for Russia to pursue its ambitions not just around its vast periphery but well beyond its shores. The annexation of Crimea, the war in eastern Ukraine, the military deployment in Syria, the tense military standoff with the West in the Baltic and Black Seas, and the interference in U.S. and European domestic politics have all enhanced Russia’s image as a major power with significant power projection capabilities, as well as Putin’s reputation as a bold and skilled leader. The current policy discussions in Western capitals often create the impression that Moscow has come up with a fundamentally new toolkit. 1. This change is primarily the result of a gradual increase in Russia's relative power vis-à-vis the Western alliance and specifically vis-à-vis the United States. Approved by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on November 30, 2016 . In the United States and Europe, growing political divisions, the proliferation of information providers, and popular frustration with governing elites in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis have exposed targets for Russian interference. The tone of their foreign policy, with the inclusion of their constitution, is so highly intricate and strategically molded that it is obvious that their foreign policy was developed to be negotiated and compromised with whoever the administration is under at the time. Moscow correctly read this as bluster... Dmitry Trenin is the director of the Carnegie Moscow Center. In a more recent and very telling sign of that ambivalence, Foreign Minister Lavrov wrote in 2016 that, over the centuries, Russia has seen itself as part of Europe and the West, as better than the West, as different and unique from the West, and as representing a crucial link between the East and the West.10 The biggest obstacle that has kept Russia from having a closer and more stable relationship with Europe, according to Lavrov, has been Europe’s inability or unwillingness to simply let Russia be Russia, and its insistence on having Moscow conform to European norms—something that no Russian leader or the people of Russia would ever accept. On its basis the foreign strategy of the country has been found in full recognition of the fundamentally new geopolitical situation in the world. As Russia's economy has grown, so have the country's global involvement and influence, which often take forms that the United States neither expects nor likes. Several key lessons follow from this retrospective of Russian foreign policy. To the contrary, the Kremlin’s ability to withstand both domestic economic difficulties and Western sanctions without changing course is a sign of Moscow’s commitment to an activist foreign policy as a long-term choice of the country’s leadership. Russia's Foreign Policy Goals Are a Product of History. References to this tradition thus legitimize the Putin government’s ambitious overseas pursuits and present them as a matter of historical continuity and as an integral part of what Russia is. Similarly, a fake Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report, which was cited in a Cairo-based news magazine, was critical of Islamic groups and alleged that they posed an obstacle to U.S. policy.18, Perhaps the biggest campaign ever mounted by the Soviet Union’s foreign influence apparatus was aimed at the issue of NATO theater nuclear forces modernization in Europe. the Kremlin is under no ideological compulsion to accomplish its purposes in a hurry . For example, the annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine took place against the backdrop of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) making clear that it would not intervene and risk a war with Russia over Ukraine. 3 Stephen Kotkin, “Russia’s Perpetual Geopolitics,” Foreign Affairs, April 18, 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2016-04-18/russias-perpetual-geopolitics. The views expressed in opinion pieces do not necessarily reflect the position of The Moscow Times. Found inside – Page 1As well as containing many fascinating revelations, this is a major contribution to the secret history of the twentieth century. Nurlan Aliyev is a freelance expert based in Warsaw.From 2000 to 2017, he worked as an expert at various government, non-government, and international institutions. Diplomatic relations were interrupted […] "The paramount goal before us is to . To Putin, Western sanctions have had an unintended upside in restricting Russian officials’ exposure to the West and Western governments’ capacity to influence and pressure them.Â. Soviet involvement in these countries consisted of direct military support in conflict zones, arms sales, the deployment of military advisers and technicians, civilian technical assistance, and educational opportunities in Soviet universities, such as Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow, that specialized in the training and (on occasion) the recruitment by Soviet intelligence services of professionals from countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Moscow’s post-2012 foreign policy fits comfortably in the long-standing historical and intellectual tradition of Soviet and even pre-Soviet Russian foreign policy. Against that backdrop, the ambition and dynamism of Russian foreign policy since Putin’s 2012 return to the presidency appears to be a relatively new phenomenon. Neither is taking Ukraine by force. Moscow’s hand in such killings often has been hard to identify or establish, according to a declassified 1964 CIA assessment.32 The Soviet intelligence services often sought to create the impression that targets had died from heart attacks, accidents, or natural causes. . That has not occurred. This volume explains the reasons for this failure and assesses likely future developments in that relationship Southern Command Policy Roundtable Series April 28, 2014 Miami, Florida It is therefore essential to review the foreign policy legacy of the Soviet Union. Internationally, Russian propaganda seeks to highlight and exploit its adversaries’ problems and conflicts, undermining the confidence of Western peoples in democracy and U.S. leadership. Throughout its existence, the Comintern adjusted its institutional positions to suit the needs of Soviet foreign policy. Most important of these are Putin's unchallenged . 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