china nuclear doctrine

As a result . The study of Kristensen concludes that China's current nuclear warheads are about 280 increased from 240 in 2012. 52 Li Bin, “Chinese Thinking on Nuclear Weapons,” Arms Control Today, December 3, 2015, https://www.armscontrol.org/ACT/2015_12/Features/Chinese-Thinking-On-Nuclear-Weapons. By. It has expressed concerns about Russia's nuclear doctrine and nuclear modernization programs and has held hearings focused on Russia's compliance with arms control agreements 1 U.S. State Department, New START Treaty Aggregate Numbers of Strategic Offensive Arms , Fact Sheet, Washington, These schools of thought have influenced the creation of a doctrine focused on, among other things . Understanding China’s evolution from an anti-nuclear deterrence strategy to a minimum deterrence strategy requires accounting for the historical contexts in which these strategies were formed.4, A 2006 RAND Corporation study headed by James C. Mulvenon characterized the earliest Chinese nuclear strategy as “existential deterrence.”5 According to Mulvenon, Chinese strategy later evolved into “minimal deterrence” and is currently evolving further into “credible minimal deterrence.”6 This newest strategy, as it evolves, is not limited to the classic minimum deterrence view that nuclear weapons have the single function of threatening adversary cities to deter nuclear use.7, The third school of thought is a doctrine of counternuclear coercion. strategists also evinced an interest in tactical nuclear weapons, Found insideThe author takes issue with the complacent belief that a happy mixture of deterrence, arms control and luck will enable humanity to cope adequately with weapons of mass destruction, arguing that the risks are ever more serious. China has good strategic reasons to continue following its traditional policy of no first use. technological advances in weaponry. 16 “China’s National Defense in 2006,”Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, December 29, 2006, 5, http://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/doctrine/wp2006.html. By January, we should know what he thinks about U.S. nuclear weapons, what policies should govern them… China has maintained a doctrine of minimum deterrence since its first nuclear test in 1964. In order to successfully deter other countries from launching nuclear attacks against China, China maintains a strategic nuclear force with the means to retaliate against nuclear strikes. On 07 August 1971, Peking rejected a Soviet proposal for the convening of a five-power conference, to include the US, the USSR, China, Great Britain, and France, to discuss the question of nuclear disarmament. The People's Republic of China has developed and possesses weapons of mass destruction, including chemical and nuclear weapons.The first of China's nuclear weapons tests took place in 1964, and its first hydrogen bomb test occurred in 1967. It gradually shifted to one of minimum nuclear deterrence during the 1960s and 1970s and now appears to have stabilised at limited nuclear deterrence, which . 40 Xia Liping, “On China’s Nuclear Doctrine,” Journal of China and International Relations 3, no. The Second Artillery conducts war planning and training under the assumption that China will absorb a first nuclear blow and use its nuclear forces only to retaliate. Previously, Chinese nuclear policy followed the minimum deterrence doctrine, which meant China kept a relatively small missile force that was able to act as a credible deterrent. China's nuclear forces were also technologically outmoded and fixed to silo or tunnel . The first school of thought in China is the self-defensive nuclear doctrine. This posture is intended to pose a significant nuclear deterrent to those global powers that might be tempted to intervene in a local war, such that China could deter the escalation of that conflict by ensuring that it has a credible nuclear warfighting capability that includes a survivable second-strike potential, even if nuclear weapons are used at the theater level. This limited deterrence doctrine was in evidence during the March 1996 Taiwan straits confrontation, during which several Chinese M-9 missiles were fired at various open-ocean target areas near Taiwan, as part of a larger series of military exercises intended to intimidate the Taiwan government. Another new challenge is how China’s growing information technology capability interacts with the no-first-use policy in the event that China has advance knowledge of a nuclear strike. This radicalization could affect China's doctrine in the nuclear realm. Strategic nuclear submarines are also an important part of China’s second-strike capability. For a country facing two nuclear-armed adversaries—China and Pakistan, both of which have territorial aims against India and maintain a strategic alliance by targeting it—India's nuclear . China’s nuclear doctrine is the product of four different schools of thought: the self-defensive nuclear doctrine, the minimum nuclear deterrence doctrine, the counter-nuclear coercion doctrine, and, finally, a doctrine of limited deterrence. 39 Zhang, “China’s Nuclear Weapons Modernization.”. are limited and its nuclear doctrine remains static. NATO chief urges China to join nuclear arms control talks Associated Press. China became a nuclear weapon state when it exploded its first nuclear device in 1964. 40-48. Keywords: China Nuclear Doctrine and Strategy, Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine and Strategy, Indian Nuclear Force Planning, "How Much is Enough?"Deterrent Stability. 3. 45 Defense Science Board Task Force, Future Strategic Strike Forces (Washington, DC: Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, Department of Defense, February 2004), 5–12; Zachary Keck, “US Navy Explores Sub-Launched Hypersonic Missiles,” Diplomat, February 4, 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/us-navy-explores-sub-launched-hypersonic-missiles/. Adm. Charles Richard warned that Russia and China have "begun to aggressively challenge international norms.". China's Nuclear Parasol. ‎A decade ago, many scholars and policy analysts who followed China dismissed the People's Liberation Army (PLA) as an antiquated force that was essentially infantry, fighting with decades-old weapons, poor communications, and World War II era doctrine. China was the first country to regard a nuclear-weapon-free world as the ultimate goal of its nuclear strategy. account the adaptations in strategy and tactics necessitated by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Military-Civil Fusion and China’s Nuclear Program, Missile Defense Strategy, Policies, and Programs in Review of the Defense Authorization Request, Carnegie–Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, Regional Voices on the Challenges of Nuclear Deterrence Stability in Southern Asia, http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-worldlook-101455-1.shtml, http://fas.org/nuke/guide/china/doctrine/wp2006.html, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22292/chinas_nuclear_weapons_modernization.html?breadcrumb=%2Fexperts%2F13%2Fhui_zhang, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-05/26/c_134271001_4.htm, http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/us-navy-explores-sub-launched-hypersonic-missiles/, https://www.armscontrol.org/ACT/2015_12/Features/Chinese-Thinking-On-Nuclear-Weapons, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704224004574488292885761628, http://www.brookings.edu/events/2014/05/05-us-china-relations. Rather than discuss specific limitations on weapon systems, these efforts have been limited to increasing transparency about force structure plans and strategy, and well as discussing nuclear doctrine and intentions. In this scenario, China would defend its own territory against a land invasion by exploiting its advantages in manpower and geography. [1] Chinese military writings are replete with references to making HEMP attacks against the United States as a means of prevailing in war. On the other hand, China and the United States have many common (or at least parallel) interests, so they will have to cooperate on issues including nuclear proliferation in North Korea and Iran, and international nuclear security and safety more generally. This was clearly a passive defensive strategy undertaken to reduce the effects of a nuclear attack. . This updated version of people's war The missile defense program being built by the United States will be detrimental to international strategic stability and security, and will have a negative impact on the process of nuclear disarmament. Nuclear doctrine and policy. China has maintained a doctrine of minimum deterrence since its first nuclear test in 1964. In the summer of 1995, the underground Great Wall project was completed, giving the Second Artillery Corps underground facilities for fighting, defending from attacks, maintaining a nuclear stockpile, commanding its nuclear forces, and living. 2 Yao Yunzhu, “China’s Perspective on Nuclear Deterrence,” Air & Space Power Journal 23,no. China’s weapons-deployment policy is focused on maintaining a second-strike capability; China is very serious about deploying and maintaining the capability of nuclear retaliation. Although some Chinese scholars and students have begun to use the U.S. security paradigm in academic research, the Chinese paradigm still dominates security policy research. At present, there are ongoing debates in China about the future of China’s nuclear doctrine. 31 Xia Liping, “US Conventional Prompt Global Strike Plan Under the Perspective of High Frontiers Theory,” International Review,no.5 (2014): 5. Because of these issues, Chinese experts and scholars argue that China should consider the possibility of changing its unconditional no-first-use policy, in favor of a no-first-use commitment with certain conditions. The study of Kristensen concludes that China's current nuclear warheads are about 280 increased from 240 in 2012. 6, 1 November 2011, pp. 2, (2015): 7-50. Since 1964, China has consistently called for the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. monopoly of the nuclear powers...". It abides by China’s policy of no first use of nuclear weapons, implements a self-defensive nuclear strategy, and strictly follows the orders of the CMC. Until about 1987, China postured its nuclear capability to achieve a "minimum deterrence." This term contrasted China's nuclear posture with that of the United States and the Soviet Union, which maintained "maximum deterrent" postures based on . 5 (2014): 78. China will unconditionally not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or in nuclear-weapon-free zones, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any other country. Why India wants to break its decades-old nuclear pledge. [35] People's Republic of China, "Instrument of Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons," 11 March 1992. China's strategic nuclear deterrent rests on land-based missiles operated by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Rocket Force and sea-based missiles carried on a nascent fleet of Jin-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile . Also pointed out were following major directions of possible operations: 1) southeast coastal areas of the Chinese mainland, 2) South China Sea, and 3) Sino-Indian border areas. 2, Winter 1997, pp. 2, Winter 1997, pp. strategy of "luring in deep" in a protracted war, and it took into Found insideThese studies address the technical means and procedures for establishing transparency in nuclear warheads and materials in the nuclear weapons states. China will optimize its nuclear force structure, improve strategic early warning, command and control, missile penetration, rapid reaction, and survivability and protection, and deter other countries from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against China.38, Before the first white paper was released in 2013, Harvard’s Hui Zhang added to the no-first-use debate, arguing that, it should be noted that, if a country really pledges a meaningful no-first-use policy, in practice, its force posture, including size, configuration, and readiness, would be significantly different from that with a first-use option. China's alleged nuclear NFU doctrine, like the USSR's during the Cold War, is almost certainly disinformation. 55 Kelley Currie, “The Doctrine of ‘Strategic Reassurance,’” Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2009, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704224004574488292885761628; Michael Green, Jim Steinberg, and Michael O’Hanlon, “Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century,” Brookings Institution, May 5, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/events/2014/05/05-us-china-relations; Yuan Peng, “‘Strategic Reassurance’ and the Future of China-U.S. Relations,” China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, October 2010, 1; David C. Gompert and Phillip C. Saunders, The Paradox of Power: Sino-American Strategic Restraint in an Era of Vulnerability (Washington, DC: National Defense University, January 2013), 3. In 1979, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party made the decision to build the so-called underground Great Wall, which enables the Second Artillery Corps to survive and retaliate after weathering a first nuclear strike from an adversary.18. In announcing this test, the Chinese promulgated a "no-first use" policy, reiterated Mao's atom bomb-paper tiger theme, repeated China's advocacy of complete prohibition and destruction of all nuclear weapons, condemned the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 as a "big fraud to fool the people of the world," and stated that "China's aim is to break the nuclear Fred Kaplan, hailed by The New York Times as “a rare combination of defense intellectual and pugnacious reporter,” takes us into the White House Situation Room, the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s “Tank” in the Pentagon, and the vast ... 3 Xia Liping, “On the Structure and Evolution of China’s Nuclear Strategy,” Contemporary Asia-Pacific, no. China's rapidly growing arsenal suggests that China is shifting away from a minimum deterrence posture, according to the Defense Department's China Military Report. Sun Xiangli, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies at Beijing’s Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, argues that China’s nuclear strategy is basically characterized by a no-first-use policy, a limited but effective nuclear force, and support for nuclear disarmament.1, The second school of thought is the minimum nuclear deterrence doctrine. Based on significant, tangible progress with China on nuclear nonproliferation, President Clinton in 1998 took steps to bring into force the 1985 U.S.-China Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation. 17 People’s war is a strategy first developed by the Chinese Communist revolutionary and political leader Mao Zedong. From the early 1950s until the mid-1970s, people's war remained 6, 1 November 2011, pp. China's alleged nuclear NFU doctrine, like the USSR's during the Cold War, is almost certainly disinformation. This publication maps the current debates in three sections: first, a survey of the four schools of thought that influence China’s existing doctrine; second, an assessment of the current debates; and third, a forecast of how China’s nuclear doctrine is likely to evolve in the future. Chinese strategists On the other hand, China has made readjustments in its nuclear doctrine according to the changes of its internal and external situation and its general strategic threat perception. 1776 Eye Street, NW This monograph documents new thinking in China on how and when to use nuclear weapons. China's nuclear forces are mainly retaliatory in nature, but there is a debate about using preemptive force among China's strategic thinkers. 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He specializes in Asian security, nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review the missiles, personnel and... Construction of additional ballistic missile submarines and reports of a nuclear weapon state when it its... Attack to win partial wars remains firmly committed to the nuclear club conducting. Yang Tiehu, Photo credit: China? s nuclear doctrine, ” China Daily, January 5 2016... In South Asia has been decreasing s response during the past 5-10 years of limited deterrence! Hensigten er at give en forståelse af kinas særlige nukleare forestillinger som verdens trediestørste nuklearmagt using this website you! Year, the Soviets abrogated the 1957 national defense is the self-defensive nuclear doctrine CMC ) Contemporary nuclear in... With authoritative data and cogent analysis arms race with any other country.16 Ukraine!
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