A major dynamic behind the NIDL involved the outsourcing of production from West European countries to lower-cost production sites in Southern Europe, Asia, and â at that time â state socialist East-Central Europe. Piore and Sabel were political scientists but their book was important for economic geography because they made industrial districts central to their thesis of an abrupt shift from mass production (Fordism) to flexible production (post-Fordism). Economic geographers are particularly interested in how local and regional economies are shaped by distinctive institutional arrangements. Fordism, a specific stage of economic development in the 20th century. In addition to the theoretical influence of institutional economics and the regulation approach, the emphasis on institutions has been reinforced by studies of industrial districts in the 1980s. Jessop retains a basic concern with economic determination and institutional analysis but locates this within a much more expansive framework, looking to explain the relative and provisional unity of the stateâeconomy relation with regard to its social basis in struggles for âhegemonyâ. In fact there is evidence of a resurgence of Fordist methods of production (Gabriel, 1989 cited in Allen 1992:18). She reasoned that the formation of large, global metropolitan regions such as New York City and Los Angeles (the two most polarized urban centers in the United States) necessarily entails rising spatial and socioeconomic polarization. B) place more importance on site factors. IMPORTANT! AP Human Geography Exams will be offered on paper in early May and as a digital exam in late May and early June. A. Smith, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. D. Mackinnon, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. These blind spots are largely down to the fact that the NR analytically telescopes onto seemingly nonexploitative horizontal relations of networking and reciprocity within particular localities, simultaneously obscuring us from the vertical ordering and the hierarchical structuring of social relations across and between spatial scales of governance. In the US, Allen Scott focused less on decline than the potential for growth, constructing a new theory of the dynamic firm based on transaction costs, external economies, and spatial linkages, and leading him to rediscover Michael Wiseâs earlier work, and before him, Alfred Marshallâs idea of an âindustrial district.â Defined as a tight-knit agglomeration of small firms with a high degree of specialization and production interconnection, the industrial district became a condensation point for an enormous amount of economic geographical research during the 1980s and 1990s. The growth potential of mass production was gradually exhausted, and there was intensified working-class resistance to its alienating working conditions; the market for mass consumer durables became saturated; a declining profit rate coincided with stagflation; a fiscal crisis developed; internationalization made state economic management less effective; clients began to reject standardized, bureaucratic treatment in the welfare state; and American economic dominance and political hegemony were threatened by European and East Asian expansion. In Sheppard, E. & Barnes, T. J. In contrast to Fordist production, Post-Fordist production is more likely to. Products first go through the Introduction stage, before passing into the Growth stage. Some commentators have proclaimed the demise of Fordist mass production in many branches of manufacturing and the emergence of a post-Fordist production system but others point to the extension of the principles of Fordist production into activities such as agriculture and mining and to an expansion of both âdowngraded manufacturingâ and âdowngraded servicesâ as the principles of Fordist mass production have been extended to encompass more occupations and locations (and the latter point is discussed more fully below). The idea that the geographical changes of the 1970sâ1990s represented a restructuring of historical significance â the spatial dimension of a fundamental reconstruction of capitalism as a system â became an almost unchallenged orthodoxy. Paralleling the work on industrial districts, and drawing partly on Polanyi but also on the economic sociologist Mark Granovetter, was allied research on firms and social networks. ... Fordist production: Definition. Four levels of âinstitutionalizationâ are identified: the number of institutions present; the degree of interinstitutional interaction; the formation of coalitions; and the development of a common agenda incorporating key institutions and actors. And although some commentators believe that post-Fordism will prove stable, others argue that capitalism’s inherent contradictions mean that it is no more likely to prove stable than Fordism before it. As such, alienated workers perform repetitive routine tasks on an uninterrupted basis at a pace dictated by the speed of the line. Foreign investment began to flow out of Hong Kong and Macau, drawing upon long-standing ethnic ties, and into the PRD fuelling the rapid industrialization of what was previously a largely rural backwater. However, to think along these lines would blind us to the fact that the American gold standard regions of Silicon Valley and Route 128 have been in large part the product of vast amounts of spending on defense by the US federal government. When these different objects of regulation are linked together in a coherent fashion â achieving a balanced relationship between production and consumption â a period of stable growth, known as a regime of accumulation, ensues. Second, as a national accumulation (or growth) regime, it involves a virtuous cycle of mass production and mass consumption. In most of the instance before convergence, the Fordism prevailed and with convergence most of the interventions were need based as KVK was approached by partners toward decipher their problems by sharing expertise and resources. Description. A dense network of local authorities, labor unions, industry associations, and chambers of commerce developed a sophisticated reservoir of knowledge, skills, and resources and provided business premises and a range of services to small firms. Subsequently, each new generation of economic geographers has provided its own interpretation of the firm, and the factors bearing on its geographical behavior. Table 7.5. Here the relation among firms is determined by social relationships, that is, by the social network among key decision makers who head different firms. This system of outward processing trade which helped to establish a new spatial division of labor in Europe was largely driven, however, by the requirements of an industry in Western Europe facing increasing competitive pressure in home markets and the need to reduce costs. This is why some theorists propose substantive alternatives such as Toyotism, Fujitsuism, Sonyism, and Gatesism or, again, informational capitalism, the knowledge-based economy, and the network economy. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Start studying Unit 5 AP Human Geography words 33-67. Producers in Hong Kong and Macau were experiencing increasing operating costs which coincided with the planned, state-led liberalization of regions such as the PRD. Shift systems allow maximum utilization of machines. The focus on firms in economic geography reflects a deep-seated belief that they are principal agents shaping the economic geographical landscape. Start studying AP Human Geography-Chapter 11-Vocab. The physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Lake Park - AP Human Geography - Chapter 11 Vocabulary. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Given mounting globalization, and industrial restructuring turning on the shift from Fordism to post-Fordism, the subdiscipline became central during the 1980s, and defined by several elements. Study free AP Human Geography flashcards and improve your grades. Chapter 11 Key Issue 1 of The Cultural Landscape by James M. Rubenstein as presented by Andrew Patterson. There are strong, systemic competitive pressures to find new ways of producing old commodities. It promised both a powerful way to explain empirically observable changes in economic geographies, and suggestions as to how future policies might best capitalize upon emergent trends. Such âembeddednessâ has been linked to a focus on the role of local institutions in mobilizing resources for development. (2000). This video is now outdated, I have made a new review video that covers everything in the NEW AP Human Geography CED. Question Answer; Agrarian: a person who advocates the political interests of working farmers; of, or relating to, ... post Fordist production: the adoption by companies of flexible work rules such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks: Oxford: Blackwell, with permission from Blackwell Publishing. At first, especially British researchers concentrated on understanding the process of industrial decline particularly in old industrial regions as firms closed down, or moved offshore, or restructured their production operations, with associated large losses of manufacturing employment (de-industrialization). AP Human Geography Vocabulary Chapter 11 (manufacturing and industry) - Eilise ðquestionAcid desposition answerSulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere- where they combine with Interest was given further momentum by Michael Piore and Charles Sabelâs influential book, The Second Industrial Divide. A) introduce more flexible work rules. A key contribution here is Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift's concept of âinstitutional thicknessâ. The term post-Fordism is used to describe both a relatively durable form of economic organization that happened to emerge after Fordism and a new form of economic organization that actually resolves the crisis tendencies of Fordism. The emphasis on cultural and representational media also adds to our understanding of the structuration of political regimes and helps to animate the whole regulatory process. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. The growth of Chinese export production, however, has its roots in earlier post-1978 reforms allowing for the emergence of export-oriented industrialization in regions such as the Pearl River Delta (PRD), neighboring Hong Kong, and Macau. The initial challenges arose due to increasing resistance by workers in the âfull employmentâ conditions of the core urban and regional labor markets that emerged in the advanced capitalist countries in the 1960s as tensions emerged in the macro-scale Fordist mode of regulation (see below). Companies seek to restructure and revolutionize production processes to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. All of which also begs searching questions about just how far economic and political democracy might extend to in the local and regional worlds so regularly canonized in economic geographical discourse. In this way, the process of restructuring and constantly revolutionizing production technologies proceeds and competition becomes the motor of accumulation. Bob Jessop is a Distinguished Professor of Sociology at Lancaster University. Such labor lacks knowledge and experience of âexistingâ norms and practices of production for these commodities and thus will accept the conditions associated with the new technology.
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