[accessed January 2017]. Difficulties in detecting the bacterial agent and limited research mean its range and prevalence in Canada are poorly known. Email correspondence with D.M. 2016. Rowlinson, D. 2017. 1970. Knight, K.J. 2013. The March 2021 issue of Guitar Magazine is out now! Germination of excised Black Ash, Fraxinus nigra Marshall (Oleaceae), embryos in growth media. Benedict, M.A. 2015. Allen Press, Lawrence KS. Emerald ash borer biocontrol in ash saplings: The potential for early stage recovery of North American ash trees. Butler. Blaney and D.M. Forests. Potential for natural recovery after these levels of mortality was initially believed to be very low (but note evidence of potential for recovery below). Frost-caused root kill can then exacerbate the effects of drought in the following growing season (Auclair et al. ehsa (Mohawk) (Willow 2011), Carson Wentzell, Resource Management Officer, Gros Morne National Park, Rocky Harbour NL. 3 pp. comm. In the southern parts of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, Black Ash occurs most frequently in deciduous or Eastern White Cedar swamps and may be associated with American Elm (Ulmus americana), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), Red Ash, Red Maple, Basswood (Tilia americana) and Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Threat impact = Medium. Fire and succession in the conifer forests of northern North America. (2018) summarized the strong positive trends in EAB biocontrol on Green Ash and White Ash yet indicated that more time is needed to determine the effect of EAB biocontrol on ash health and regeneration. Elevation tolerance is not widely reported for Black Ash, but occurrence from sea level is known in the northern parts of Black Ash range, and it is restricted to elevations above 610 m at the southern range edge (Wright and Rauscher 1990; AC CDC 2017). Stewart, H.A., and J.E. Palik, K.N. 2005. 374-405. 1989. Tardif and Bergeron (1999) note that yearly flooding events in a riparian Black Ash stand lasted an average of 24 days, with some events lasting up to 65 days. Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Ecological Restoration: Restoring Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes with Iskatewizaagegan No. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington DC. Some blow down of trees reported in southwest Nova Scotia (Hill-Forde 2004). MacPhail, M. pers. Matthews, T.D. Ecosystem Management Ecologist, Newfoundland Department of Fisheries & Land Resources, Corner Brook, NL. Bauer, and R.G. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown WV. 1993. COSEWIC ATK Subcommittee. comm. 16(4):401-409. Forestry 86: 515–522, doi:10.1093/forestry/cpt031. Consequences of climate change for biotic disturbances in North American forests. D.P. Seed lot germination potential and viability test results. Black Ash Endangered Fuzz. Crow, R.M. 1993. Edmonton AB. 1987) and can play an important role in regulating hydrology through evapotranspiration (Slesak et al. Black Ash is of national conservation concern only because of the severe threat posed by the introduced Emerald Ash Borer. Forestry. By 2010 several hundred thousand ash trees had been killed in Essex County, Ontario alone (OMNR 2010), which at less than 2% of the area of southern Ontario and only ~8% forest cover (the lowest of any county in Ontario, City of Windsor 2017), represented only a tiny fraction of ash trees in the currently affected zone. Project Botanist, Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough ON. Tornados and other strong storms could increase potential dispersal distances considerably (Compton 2002; McKinney et al. Mireille Marcotte, National Manager, Plant Health Surveillance Unit, Plant Health Science Services Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ON. Assessing the potential for ash canopy tree replacement via current regeneration following emerald ash borer-caused mortality on southeastern Michigan landscapes, Mi’kmaq Confederacy of Prince Edward Island, Restoration and Conservation of Black Ash Trees in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Eco-region of Canada, The National Wetland Plant List: 2016 wetland ratings, Identification, transmission, and partial characterization of a previously undescribed flexivirus causing a mosaic disease of ash (, Psyllid Attack on North Dakota Black Ash Resource (PDF), Résultats d’inventaire et carte écoforestière, Forest-Upland Deciduous (Hardwood) (i.e., maple-basswood) (PDF), The State of Canada’s Forests: Annual Report 2013 (PDF), The State of Canada’s Forests: Annual Report 2014 (PDF), The State of Canada’s Forests: Annual Report 2015 (PDF), Bill No. Mycopathologia. 2016. Mazerolle, concerning the impact of moose browsing on Black Ash in Gros Morne National Park, NL. Map 90-01. Smitley, C.S. Lewis. Marchant, and H.J. 171 pp. Zoladeski, C.A., R.J. Delorme, and G.M. Total genetic diversity (HT, measuring average frequency of heterozygosity over all loci and all sites) was 0.388, with an average within-subpopulation diversity (HS) of 0.374. Eucalyptus coolabah is the most common tree and a defining species of this endangered ecosystem. Black Ash is commonly heavily browsed by White-tailed deer (Erdmann et al. It is considered data sensitive in Nova Scotia by Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. 1937. Much of the provincial range coincides with the presence of underlying Ordovician, Devonian and Carboniferous bedrock with high pH (Colman-Sadd et al. 2007). nov. associated with dieback of ash (Fraxinus Excelsior) in Poland. 57:166-173. 8 pp. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada. 44(8): 961-968. McGarrigle, E. pers. Assuming the 72% wetland loss applies to Black Ash habitat throughout the Great Lakes Plains, this would translate to 6.4% habitat loss in Canada (72% of the 8.9% of Canadian Black Ash range that is within the Great Lakes Plains). 25-27. Emery. 2017. Fraxinus nigra, North American Plant Atlas. Symptoms develop within three years after phytoplasmas are detected in the phloem (Pokorny and Sinclair 1994). 1991. 59:13-30. Although it is presently ranked as nationally Secure (N4), predicted decline of Black Ash in Canada will undoubtedly impact the Canadian Sphinx population and possibly its range. Ecoscience. 24(1):52-60. A compounding effect of climate change on EAB invasion could be particularly significant in Canada, especially in the northern portion of Black Ash’s range, where low winter temperatures may currently limit the beetle’s northward spread (see Threats - Emerald Ash Borer). 58:497-579. First North American record of the palearctic species Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). 2018. Online specimen database. obs. 2011. Danièle Morin, Forestry Technician, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Port-Menier QC. 269:222–228. Smith, A., D.A. Wallander, E., 2013. Potential for evolutionary responses to climate change – evidence from tree populations. 2011). Wallander, E. 2008. Agriculture Handbook 654. Marie, ON. 2017. NS DNR (Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources). Major Plant Group: Angiosperms – Eudicots (APG 2016). Even over a long period (60 years – one generation), habitat loss at the current rate seems unlikely to compound to a level exceeding 15% nationally. The Pedal Movie is due out “March or early April” 2021. The samaras are broadly winged and rounded at both ends. Browsing by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is considered a natural limiting factor within the Canadian range, except for Anticosti Island, Quebec, where deer are introduced and extremely abundant. Belgishe Dendrologie Belge 2012:38-58. The Nova Scotia designation prohibits killing or injuring the species, possessing it for sale or trade, or contravening any regulations regarding core habitat, unless one is in possession of a permit, and it requires the provincial minister to appoint a recovery team and prepare a recovery plan within two years of listing (Nova Scotia Legislature 2017), which recommends a course of action for the species’ recovery and core habitat for protection. 2015. American Forests, Washington D.C. 76 pp. Mason, D. Mollov, and J.A. Lenhart, K.N. Canadian Sphinx hawkmoth (Sphinx canadensis; Sphingidae) appears particularly threatened by Black Ash decline. Fraser, I., V.C. Siegert. Although there is little documentation of the specific impact of glyphosate on Black Ash, the herbicide is known to be very effective in controlling other ash species (Willoughby 1999; Dugdale et al. Benedict 2011; Kershner 2015; Julien 2017) and others continue to influence distribution today. Establishment of a Global Warming Bio-Monitoring Program in the Boreal Forest of Eastern Manitoba: Year I. Manitoba Model Forest Report 04-5-06. Young trees above about 7 cm diameter develop bark with rounded, soft, corky ridges that are easily depressed or rubbed off. Genetic analysis of landscape connectivity in tree populations. Bureau du forestier en chef, Gouvernement du Québec, Roberval QC. Systematics and floral evolution in Fraxinus (Oleaceae). SARA establishes COSEWIC as an advisory body ensuring that species will continue to be assessed under a rigorous and independent scientific process. Designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, arthropods, molluscs, vascular plants, mosses, and lichens. Other potential range-wide threats of lesser immediacy or magnitude are: 1) unknown and potentially introduced pathogen(s) that appear to have caused major declines in Nova Scotia since 1958; 2) the Asian fungal disease, Chalara Dieback, which is causing extreme loss of the closely related European Ash in Europe, is virulent in Black Ash, but is not yet known in North America; and 3) Climate change, which is predicted to significantly reduce the region suitable for Black Ash within one to two generations. Laboratory studies of tethered EAB suggest that mated female beetles can travel 20 km over four days (median distance >3 km, with 20% flying >10 km and 1% flying >20 km; Taylor et al. EarthQuaker Devices Releases Limited-Edition Black Ash Endangered Fuzz. Margaret Ormes, Director of Science Information Resources, NatureServe, Boston MA. 666 pp. 2017) and from Cape Breton Highlands National Park in Nova Scotia (where Moose are native but where exceptionally high populations have also dramatically altered vegetation, eliminating forest regeneration over large areas; Blaney and Mazerolle pers. Conifers such as Black Spruce (Picea mariana) represent the dominant commercial species throughout most of Black Ash’s Canadian range (Thompson and Pitt 2011). 2012. 1904. Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, NB. Brinker, S., pers. [accessed January 2017]. Establishment and abundance of Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan: potential for success in classical biocontrol of the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Hoven, B.M., D.L. Fraxinus nigra. obs. 2018) does not necessarily mean that 72.8% of the Canadian population will be lost. 2016. It is caused by the anamorph of the non-native ascomycete Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus(anamorph name Chalara fraxinea). It has an intermediate light requirement and a tendency toward greater abundance in more alkaline sites. Seeds are capable of germinating in leaf litter or in soil depths of up to 2 cm (Erdmann et al. 2012). MCDC (Manitoba Conservation Data Centre). Observations of intensive browsing significantly impacting the vigour of sapling Black Ash are known in Gros Morne National Park (Wentzell pers. In Maine, documented episodes of Black Ash dieback show a relation to freezing and drought stress, with most documented episodes coinciding with the occurrence of severe soil frosts (Livingston and White 1997; Auclair et al. Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto ON. Environment Canada, Ottawa. 2015. Jean Mercier, Forestry Technician, Direction des inventaires forestiers, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Québec QC. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Ontario. Economic Botany. 2011. Cottony ash psyllid in North Dakota. Herms, R. Plumb, E. Sawyer, and D. Spalink. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. It was inadvertently introduced to the Detroit, Michigan – Windsor, Ontario area in the 1990s, where it was first recognized in both Canada and the U.S.A. in 2002 (Haack et al. Worrest, D. Lachance, and H.C. Martin. Centre for Wood Anatomy Research. Forest ecosystem toposequences in Manitoba. Black Ash™ Endangered Fuzz. 7 pp. Danny Rioux, Research Scientist, Forest Pathology, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Québec QC. It is not, however, expected to be a critical threat at the national scale. For this report a dataset of roughly 25,000 occurrencesFootnote 2  was compiled from the following sources: Baldwin (1958), Rousseau (1974), Riley (2003), Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre (AC CDC 2017), New Brunswick Department of Energy and Resource Development (NBDERD 2016), the New Brunswick Museum (NBM 2016), the Connell Memorial Herbarium (CMH 2016), Quebec Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFPQ 2016), the Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre (ONHIC 2016), Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF 2016a, b; OFRI 2017; OPIAM 2017), the Manitoba Conservation Data Centre (MCDC 2016), the Canadian Forest Service (CFS 2016) and Canadensys (2016). This could compound over three generations (180 years) to more than 11% population loss. Alexander and S.J. Black Ash currently has a global status rank of G5 (Secure). McCullough. There are no specific reports of Black Ash movement from the United States into Canada. The Forest Chronicle. Boland. 2013 Cottony Ash Psyllid (Psyllopsis discrepans). 2014). COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada). Almost all ash-containing forest south and west of Toronto is within this category, with an additional concentration of affected area around Ottawa that was first detected in 2008. Adventitious shoot regeneration of Fraxinus nigra Marsh (PDF). 2018), corrected to account for lumping of all ash species in southern Ontario and for lumping of ash into “other hardwoods” in certain areas of northern Ontario, and converted using the Quebec individuals:volume ratio described above. Under the right conditions they can be quickly blown across open ice of lakes and rivers. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) On the Use of Herbicides in Canadian Forest. Master’s thesis, Lakehead University, ON. 2014b). pers. 2015. rugosa), Eastern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis), White Spruce (Picea glauca), Red Maple (Acer rubrum) and Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera). Ash mortality south to north will likely be on a gradient from high to low, corresponding to the gradient in EAB mortality with decreasing minimum temperatures (Venette and Abrahamson 2010; Crosthwaite et al. Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, the correct name for Lambertella albida, reported from Japan. (2000) also showed that in clearcut forested wetlands in Quebec, Black Ash can be replaced by pioneer hardwood species such as Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and White Birch (Betula papyrifera). 48:561-596. Similar mortality of ash (all species) has been noted in the first and most heavily affected areas of southern Ontario. 38(5):1083-1094. Black Ash occurs from western Newfoundland to southeastern Manitoba and North Dakota, ranging southward to Iowa, Illinois, Virginia and Delaware. Van Driesche. 2014. wiisagaak/ wiisagaatic (oog – plural; Ojibwe) (Densmore 1974; Meeker et al. 40:45-59. Join us as we chart their history. Burr, S.J., and D.G. E-mail: ec.cosepac-cosewic.ec@canada.ca Davies (Jr.). 147, 300–317. 86(1):73-74. comm. 1990. (1985) found that drought was only a factor in half of all severe dieback years in New York from 1942 to 1980. 2000). Numbers in Manitoba could be into the hundreds of thousands if densities similar to those recorded in adjacent western Ontario (OMNRF data from Watkins pers.

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